Capoeira History

Within the art form of capoeira it is widely believed that capoeira was first performed in Brazil by African slaves within their slave quarters (senzalas) and during the times allotted for leisurely diversion. African slaves were grouped according to their disparity of origins. That is, Africans of the same origins were kept apart to inhibit mutual understanding and limit the chance of revolt. The one area of mutual intelligibility would be that of - music, religion and dance - which in the African context are inseparable.

This may go some way in explaining the syncretic nature of capoeira. The study of fighting arts would have naturally been banned, proficiency in fighting would have been seen as dubious quality for a captive workforce. The precise African origins of capoeira are unknown as no capoeira has been found on the African sub-continent except that which has been brought directly from Brazil in recent years. Nevertheless art forms bearing a striking resemblance to capoeira are found in other parts of the new world, far from Brazil, yet on the same old slave trading routes - such as the Ladja of Martinique and less so Moringue of the Reunion Islands. The instruments (the atabaque, pandeiro, rêco-rêco, agogô and berimbau) can be more eaily traced to precise areas and the actual style of physical interaction bears structural similarities to other Afro-Brazilian cultural manifestations like candomblé and samba.

Fleeing slaves formed fugitive settlements called quilombos, the largest and most successful) of these was a network of individual villages called Palmares, it survived repeated attack for over seventy years until it finally fell in 1695. Both the settlement itself and its most famed leader, Zumbi are icons in capoeira philosophy and history. Here capoeira is said to have helped Palmares resist repeated invasion in its form as a type of guerrilla jungle combat. This theory helps to explain both the survival of Palmares and the subsequent dispersal of capoeira throughout the country in later years, as having come from a central point where its martial format had been largely defined by necessity. The quilombo/senzala theory is not based on any written historical material, yet it is so widely believed that many books report it as matter of fact. It is important in the way it posits capoeira membership: at this point we have a syncretic, pan-African, cultural manifestation which has practical use as a martial-art. It exists solely within the Afro-Brazilian community as a type of dance/game, moreover, its religious and spiritual undertones are celebratory both of the art itself and the community which engendered it.

CONCLUSION


Capoeira is often described as a combination of martial arts, dance and acrobratics. Originally it was used as a disguished fight by the slaves who were shipped to Brazil and put to labour. They made it look like a dance, but in reality they were training their fighting skills to be able to stand up against their slave masters and fight for their freedom.

Since that time capoeira has developed in Brazil and nowadays there are two styles of capoeira: Capoeira Angola and Capoeira Regional.

Capoeira is played in a circle (roda). The circle consists of the 'bateria', the people playing the instruments and thereby deciding what is happening within the roda, and the rest of the capoeiristas clapping and singing along to raise the energy. There are always two people playing in the roda.